香蜜沉沉烬如霜
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萧县阿诺--河南8日游时间--2010-9-6至9-13日地点--河南人物--萧县阿诺项目--自驾路线和景点6号中午从萧县出发一路310国道,下午2点半到河南商丘,归德府城墙--壮悔堂--候府--归德府文庙--八关斋--张巡祠--应天书院--於伯台,晚上住开封.7号早6点出发一路310国道,景点--巩义市青龙关--宋陵--康百万庄园--杜浦陵园--洛阳白马寺--关林,晚住洛阳,8号上午洛阳龙门石窟--东窟--白园--香山寺--西窟--下午孟津黄河小浪底水库--龙马负图寺--汉光武帝陵园,晚住济源市,9号上午沁阳市神农山--下午青天河,晚住博爱县,10号武涉嘉应观--郑州黄河花园口风景区--黄河国家地质公园--下午楚河汉界风景区,晚住郑州,11号上午新郑市--黄帝故里--郑韩故城--欧阳修陵园--下午始祖山--晚住郑州,12号--登封市嵩山风景区--上午三皇寨--永泰寺--下午少林寺--中岳庙--嵩阳书院,晚住郑州,13号一路310国道回到萧县,来回2000公里黄河小浪底风景区门票40元,从2008年开始,大坝不让游客上了 神农顶([
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林淑齐Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, ";Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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杜家瑜语言不通走暹逻 泰国南北独自行 ——让你感同身受的图文游记 对于我们这些第一次踏出国门的土人们来说，泰国是个熟悉而又陌生的国度……当我带着在国内旅行养成的与形形色色宰客斗智斗勇万事戒备的惯性前往，更让我等看到反差巨大而感悟良多。 曼谷的喧闹与华丽，清迈的宁静与质朴，苏可泰的恢弘与震撼，阿育塔雅的辉煌与没落，涛岛的原生与狂放，这一切构成了一个异乡人眼中的泰国，五彩缤纷而又回味无穷，这就是泰国的魅力，包容而又含蓄的耐人寻味。 ——深圳磨房：我行我诉序言天上掉馅饼网站助我游泰国 喜欢旅游，走过了国内许多的名山大川之后，虽然偶尔也曾浮现出希望出国看看异国风情的念头，但跟团游不是我喜欢的，自助游？想一想兜里的银子，和我那听不懂、看不明白又说不了的英语，一想起来就望而生畏。 于是安慰自己，国内有这么多地方可去，一个中国相当于一个欧洲，走遍全国在国外也相当于走过了好多国家。出国，先算了吧。 可今年年初，不经意间获得了一个去泰国旅游的机会。 那是年初新浪旅游论坛——乐途旅游网例行的年初大评奖，五花八门的项目大多与我无干，可是乐途网和艺龙旅行网联合举办的2007年《难忘之旅》的征文却让我动心，刚好07年9-10月我和哥哥一起自助游完了川藏线，回来后写了一篇长篇游记《兄弟偕行走川藏》（https//bbs.8264.com/thread-83145-1-3.html）发到了乐途旅游论坛，于是抱着重在参与的态度报名参加评选，没想到天上掉下个大馅饼，正好砸到了我的头上——蒙乐途网诸位评委错爱，我成为两位特等奖幸运获奖者之一，奖品是：由艺龙旅行网提供的——北京至曼谷的往返机票和曼谷皇宫饭店的三天住宿。 机会难得，上天提供我出国旅游的机会，我不能再错失良机，一定要利用这次机会，好好游览一下这个美丽国家，圆我一个出国旅游梦。感谢乐途网和艺龙网，让我的出国之梦提前变为现实。[ ] 因为一直没有出过国，也一直没有去泰国旅游的打算，所以对泰国了解并不多。但在耳濡目染之间，我还是隐约知道：泰国是一个佛教国家，是一个千佛之国，是一个充满热带风情的地方，那里常年花木繁茂，弥漫着花香，那里人人以礼相待，是一个古迹众多的文明古国。我还知道，在泰国的南部，有许多美丽的海岛，那里晴空碧海，更有美丽的海底世界，是旅游度假的胜地。不过我的了解也仅仅如此而已。 在出国之前，我觉得必须对泰国的历史和地理有进一步的了解。因为在我读中学的那个时代正是文化大革命期间，后来虽然复课闹革命，但恰恰我最有兴趣的历史和地理课没有恢复，所以我的知识结构中，最缺乏的就是这两方面的知识。每次旅游前我都不得不想办法先恶补一气。 找到一张泰国地图，我有一个惊奇的发现。我们都知道：大象是泰国的国宝，大象在泰国的历史文化中占有重要地位，它们不但是战场上的坐骑、建筑工程的好帮手，白象更是泰国人崇敬的吉祥之物，是“王”的象征。泰国人喜爱大象胜过我们喜爱熊猫。从地图上看，这个崇尚大象的国度的国土形状恰恰就像一头卡通大象，这真是奇妙的造化。 摊开泰国的地图，将角度顺时针倾斜45度左右：你就会看到这头大象清晰的身影：高耸的额头，硕大的蒲扇一样的大耳朵，长长的伸进马来半岛的长鼻子，鼻子下张开的大嘴和短小粗壮的前后腿，如此形神俱备，如此惟妙惟肖，真是令人叹为观止。 泰国地图[ ] 网上这样介绍泰国的历史： 泰国目前的地方，几千年前即有人居住，但并不是现在的泰族。据一般的了解，泰族是发源于中国的南部，而于公元第十一与十二世纪才移居到目前的泰国。考古学家在泰国东北部的曼清发现许多古老的遗迹，证明泰国的文化起源于大约五千年前的青铜文化期。史前正确的资料至目前仍然不明，因为泰国的风俗和残存的文化一直在变动，而且很少记载下来，尤其在第十八世纪，由于受到外族的侵略而损毁了不少早期的文物。 公元第十三世纪末，泰国史上的第一位最英明的国王--盂莱大帝，就在目前泰国北部的清莱与清迈一带建立了一个繁荣的社会,当时所兴建的庙宇显示受到佛教很大的影响。一般而言，泰国除了受到印度佛教的影响外，盂族、高棉族对泰国的影响也不小。 泰国最大的民族是泰族，这些住在北部的民族，早期已能够自给自足，但他们的军事力量都相当薄弱，在公元十三世纪初，终被邻国吴哥王朝的高棉族所征服，不过，高棉人这段入侵的时间并不长，泰族在1238年打了一次胜仗，从高棉人手中夺回了素可泰城，并建立起泰国历史上的第一个王朝，定都素可泰。 素可泰在巴利文里的意思是“幸福的黎明”。当时，泰国还没有统一的文字，因此用“素可泰” 作为第一个王朝的年号，以表明新时期的开始。 素可泰王朝的君主为兰甘杏大帝，他被泰国人尊称为“泰国之父”。其最大的贡献，是将国内通行的真腊（即高棉）文字，改创成泰国自己的文字。约在1283年，泰文开始在全国流行。 兰甘杏大帝受人尊重的另一原因，是他团结各族，以平等方式对待泰族以外的少数民族如高棉人、马来人和华人。他本身亦崇尚佛教，并派信徒到锡兰（今斯里兰卡）学习佛经，让他们回国后宣扬小乘佛教教义。 素可泰王朝建立后，国泰民安，其势力开始向湄南河盆地流域扩展。到公元十四世纪初期，素可泰王朝的势力，已经影响整个马来半岛和老挝（即僚国）一带。 兰甘杏去世后，强盛一时的王朝逐渐衰弱下去。此时，泰团东部的一股泰族势力，正在日益，很快蔓延到中部地区。1347年，一名太守的女婿拉玛铁菩堤，结集兵力在湄南河和巴塞河汇合的地方，建立了一座新城，取名阿育塔雅（华人称之为大城），并立号为王，这就是后来的大城王朝。 拉玛铁菩堤称王后，立即展开外交和军事攻势，有意占领整个湄南河流域，包括北部的素可泰王朝。他的精明思想和治国才能，为大城王朝的基业奠定了基础，且取代了素可泰王朝的地位。 大城王朝维持了四百多年，经历了三十三位君主。十五世纪末，绕非洲好望角至东方之航线开辟后，欧洲人开始前往泰国通商。首先到来的是葡萄牙人，他们占领了马六甲一带后，于1512年抵达大城。从此，荷兰人、英国人和法国人亦相继而来，企图在泰国这块富饶土地上获得利益。 此外，泰国与邻国缅甸在这一时期经常发生冲突，持续了一段很长时间。 1767年，缅军再次攻人大城，城内的王宫、佛寺、民房和艺术宝藏均被摧毁。一时昔日辉煌的殿阁，只存残垣断壁，如今荒草遍地，谨供游人凭吊而已。 大城王朝的京城在1767年陷落后，缅军仍留下士兵驻守，以镇压泰国人的反抗。但在泰国东南沿海一带，却崛起了一支抗缅部队，这支部队的主将原是大城王朝的将领郑信（在中国史书称郑昭）。郑信是华人后裔，其父郑镛原籍广东澄海，由于家贫才往泰国谋生，并与一泰族女子结婚，于 1734年诞下郑信。 郑信在大城被侵当日，率领随从逃出大城，于泰国东南的罗勇府建立基地，组织力量，半年后部队分乘战船，沿湄南河而上，首先攻破了西岸吞武里，继而乘胜追击，到大城与缅军展开血战，最后终于收复了沦陷的大城。 郑信进城，目睹昔日首都大城只留下一片焦土，故决定迁都湄南河西岸的吞武里，建立起泰国的第三个王朝--吞武里王朝，并削减了据地称雄的其他势力，收复失地，统一了泰国。 然而，宫廷内部的争权夺利，很快又再次出现。郑信在执政后期传说因妃嫔争宠而精神错乱，并于1782年在一次倒戈事件中被杀。另一说称郑信被乱党困于宫中，后死在囚中，时为四十八岁。吞武里王朝就此覆灭，为时只有十五年。 后人为纪念郑王的丰功伟绩，特在吞武里区域内建立郑王庙，并在大罗斗圈广场中央为郑信塑造了一座纪念碑，碑上耸立着郑信的骑马戎装铜像，策马挥剑，英武之极。每年12月28日即郑王加冕之日，循例在铜像地区举行郑王朝祭大典，并封锁附近公路，举行两昼夜的文娱活动。 郑信的王朝被推翻后，其手下部将昭披耶节基登上了王位，他就是拉玛一世王（拉玛是取自泰族民间传说的一位英雄人物），也就是目前泰国的王朝，即当今皇上蒲美蓬大帝（拉玛九世王）之先祖。 由于地方太小，加上国防上的理由，拉玛一世王把国都从西岸的吞武里移到了湄南河东岸，于是曼谷就成了泰国史上的第四个国都。至此泰国开始得到安定，曼谷王朝或称节基王朝或拉玛王朝至今已逾二百多年，而国都仍然是曼谷。 拉玛二世王，1809年登基，在位十五年，曾遣使赴北京二次，时为清朝道光及嘉庆年间。 拉玛三世王（在位公元1824至1851年）开始又对西洋各国开放，甚至当时美国也派了首任官员出使泰国，接著美国的传教士也来了，他们同时也带来了印刷术，经过改良后使泰国开始有了泰文的印刷，另西欧医学、造船学也传入了泰国。 拉玛四世王蒙库是节基王朝的英明国王之一，是泰国历史上第一位接受西方学术思想的国君，精佛学，重科学，知识广博。他通晓许多语言。如拉丁文、英文等。他是第一个准许平民亲近的国王。为了抵抗西方国家的侵略，他与邻国化干戈为玉帛，又与西方国家建立了外交关系。他曾写信给美国南北战争时期的林肯总统，声明以物质支援他（电影《安娜与国王》里面的国王就是这位拉玛四世国王）。 王位传到拉玛五世王，也就是泰国史上最著名的朱拉隆功大帝，他从事大力的改革和积极的建设。他废除了奴隶制度，兴建学校、博物馆、国立图书馆，并在国内修建了第一条铁路，发展道路系统，创办邮电局和其他现代化设施。历史学家称他执政的时期为“维新时代”，实际上可说这是泰国现代化的开端。他是引导泰国现代化的英明国王，在位直到公元1910年。 朱拉隆功于1910年逝世，后人为纪念他的功绩，在曼谷国会大厦前的广场摆放他的铜像。每年 10月 23日他的祭辰之日，此广场都有纪念活动举行。 朱拉隆功去世之后，英、法便在泰国各自划分势力范围。 由于拉玛六世王曾在英国剑桥求学，同时也曾服役于英军，所以第一次世界大战时，泰国就派兵到法国支援同盟国。大战结束后，泰国也就加人了国际联盟。 第一次大战以前，泰国人是只有名字而没有姓氏的。大战后拉玛六世王就宣布每个人可有姓，因为时间不长，所以至今泰国人虽然有姓但很少用，而通常只叫名字。 随著世界民主潮流之推进，皇族的权力渐渐被宪法所限制，拉玛七位王执政后，结束了长达七百多年的君主专制，于1932年12月10日开始实行君主立宪，颁布宪法，于是泰国成了君主立宪的国家。由国会组织政府处理国家事务，一直至今。 第二次世界大战期间，1940年泰国为了保持国土的完整，与日本订友好条约，次年日本军队进入泰国。泰国军民感到对日本抵抗并非上策，遂加入了轴心国。 战争结束后，虽然轴心国（日本、德国等）失败，但泰国乃因“非原始发战国且没有出兵”而仍被邀加入了联合国，目前泰国国内驻有联合国的分支机构。 拉玛八世王，是五世王王子公摩銮宋卡王子之长公子。1934年继承王位，时因第二次世界大战起，随王太后驻跸瑞士，1945年回泰准备举行登基大典。不幸于翌年6月9日中枪驾崩，在位12年。 当今王上拉玛九世王，1927年12月5日在美国麻省康毕城蒙奥本医院诞生，爵称蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒亲王。 1934年，拉玛七世王驻跸伦敦宣怖逊位，因无所出，宫庭按谱立嗣君，奏请王兄继承大统，号称颂绿巴拉民他拉玛哈南他玛希隆陛下，简称拉玛八世王。1935年，当今王上以王上御弟身份加封蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒王弟。 1946年6月9日，拉玛八世王突告驾崩，当今王上以先王无嗣，按王族继承法规定宣布登基继承大统，号称拍昭裕华蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒陛下，简称拉玛九世王。 溯自1946年，王上秉政以来，爱国爱民之圣怀，为国为民之圣务包罗万象，几乎日无稍懈，宣慰四方，视察民瘼，垂询当地官府军警详情，赐问各地民教卫生情况及生活实况。 节基王朝第九世王蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒陛下于1946年6月9日登基以来，至今已六十余年，他是泰国有史以来在位时间最长的一位盛世明君。几十年来，王上以他超人的智慧，不屈不饶的毅力，为泰国的民主自由和繁荣进步建立了不朽的功绩。 王上以坚定的决心，高度的热诚和德泽广被的亲和力，把全国经济地位不同、宗教信仰不同、种族背景不同的各民族人民团结成一体，朝向经济和社会建设的总目。 2007年12月5日是王上80圣诞之日，泰国全体臣民都以欢欣鼓舞的心情，热烈举行盛况空前的崇庆活勤，以颂扬王上爱民若赤、圣泽广被和伟大仁政，表达全国万民感戴王恩浩荡的赤诚。 [ ] 在网上众多驴友的游记中，我看到了更多的真实的泰国：现代与传统并存的东南亚大都市曼谷，庙宇林立、幽静古朴的“泰北玫瑰”清迈，古迹密布，撼人心魄的素可泰和大城，以死亡铁路和桂河大桥闻名于世的北碧府，还有如珍珠一样散布于太平洋和印度洋上的景色秀丽、风光迷人的潜水休假胜地苏梅岛、涛岛、普吉岛、皮皮岛等等…… 看过了关于泰国的历史介绍，又看了许多驴友的泰国游记，我对泰国越发产生了浓厚的兴趣，恨不得马上出发去拜访这个充满鲜花、微笑、历史古迹和佛像及寺庙的国度。 3月26日，接到了艺龙网和乐途网的获奖通知。经过与艺龙网的冯小姐反复沟通，我定下来5月11日和5月25日的泰航往返机票及5月11-13日在曼谷的住宿，其它时间由我自行安排在泰国北部和南部的自助游。从那时起，我就开始在网上搜集有关资料，做出行准备。 想到语言不通的我要在泰国生活和旅行十几天，一切都要自己操劳，想起来头就有些大。 本来省事的办法是找一个旅行社，跟着走就是，凡事有人操心，可我实在不希望我的第一次出国游变成这个样子。还有一个办法是找个英语精通的游伴，可以省心，又可以分担住宿和乘车费用，可一来时间合适、性格投缘的伙伴不好找，二来，我希望的旅游方式（徒步、骑车等）不是一般人能与我共享的，想来想去，还是一个人方便。 仔细想想，一个人旅行也没啥了不起，多年的旅行经历给我一个最深刻的印象就是，许多事情远不像想象的那样复杂和艰难，只要去操作，总会车到山前必有路。 语言虽然不通，但我三十年前读大学时也多少学了一点哑巴英语（对付看，不会说，不能听），后来读研究生也突击过一阵，虽然几十年过去，都扔到了爪哇国，可泰国离爪哇国不远，这次去那里走走，能捡回一星半点也说不定。 当然，为了避免无法沟通陷于困境，我买了一本《出行不求人》的中英文会话小册子，进行突击培训。后来，我无意中发现家里有一个《译博士》电子辞典，是十多年前老岳父送给读中学的女儿的礼品，可她一次没用过，正好为我所用。 其实，换个角度思考，语言不通也不是一无是处，它会让你静下心来，更仔细地用眼去观察，更细致地用心去感受。那会是一种更独特的体验。 感谢 Google Earth，让我在出行之前就在计算机上看到了我要住宿的饭店、行走的街道，参观的古迹等等。 感谢发达的现代网络，网络上朋友们的大量游记和图片让我对将去的地方有了很深刻的感性认识，并提前获得了要去城市的各种旅游地图。 通过网上查询，我甚至知道了素可泰老城的63处遗址中只有十几处遗址比较重要，值得关注，并确定了它们的具体位置；知道了在大城遗址中那尊最重要的树包佛就在Wat Mahathat入口处右面的古树下，不注意就可能忽略；知道了在大城府和素可泰可以买到很便宜的水果，知道了泰国的火车、汽车和轮渡的时刻表，了解了各种车船联运和住宿的行情及最低价格。 这一切，使我能很容易提前安排自己的旅程。 在网上，我还找到了一个教泰文的网站，跟着学会了要去的几个泰国旅游城市的泰文发音，学会了一些最基本的泰文会话，并有可能把一些最重要的会话用泰文打印下来，在我的泰国之行中发挥了重要作用。 在此基础上，我制定了自己此次泰国旅行的详细计划。 长时间提前准备攻略有个极大的好处，就是可以随时补充材料，修改行程。 经过反复研究修改，最终我确定了如下行程，实际上基本按其执行：日期 日 程5月10日：早715火车到北京、白天逛北京，晚上住机场附近5月11日：820飞机，1215到达曼谷； 下午：曼谷繁华商贸区徒步，塔楼、世贸（四面佛）、沿拉玛一世路到MBK中心，沿帕亚泰路南下，到地铁“山燕站”（Sam Yan），穿过小巷，到苏拉汪路，走到江边，南下席蓬路，返回到帕蓬区，晚上在帕蓬区消遣。5月12日：徒步去考山路，法政大学、参观大王宫、玉佛寺、卧佛寺、黎明寺等； 然后去唐人街和华兰蓬火车站买去清迈车票5月13日：桂河大桥一日游5月14日：大城一日游，晚上乘坐1920火车去清迈5月15日：清迈：素贴山一日游； 下午租自行车：博物馆，城区、晚上：夜市5月16日：继续骑车环游清迈城，拜访寺庙和民居5月17日：早车去素可泰，素可泰新城半日游 5月18日：素可泰老城一日游5月19日：早车回曼谷，晚上去苏梅岛5月20日：到达苏梅岛、摩托车环游苏梅岛5月21日：继续摩托车环岛游、1030去涛岛，涛岛半日游5月22日：涛岛一日浮潜；定回曼谷联票5月23日：涛岛半日；下午涛岛经春蓬回曼谷5月24日：国家博物馆，考山路，胜利纪念碑，机场，25日035飞机5月25日：650到北京，中午火车，晚上到沈阳 [ ] 行程确定之后，随着出行日期的临近，我还做了一些出国旅游所必需的其他准备： 1.护照、证、银联卡（虽然是第一次出国，我还是没提前换外汇。一方面，在国内换泰铢非常不方便，只能先换美元或港元，到国外再二次换汇，我嫌麻烦，网上介绍银联卡在泰国的ATM上到处可以提款和刷卡消费，汇率也很优惠，于是就直接带了招行的一卡通出国了，为防万一，还另外带了一张沈阳盛京银行的玫瑰卡）； 2、相机、录音笔、小电脑（出行前，妻子给我配了一个微型的E-PC电脑，重量不到一公斤，功能却很齐全，可以看图片、写文章、听音乐，还可以无线上网，非常方便，这正是我企盼已久的东西。出发前，我把所有收集到的资料、攻略、地图、驴友们的游记等等，除打印部分外，其余的统统拷贝到我的小电脑里，随时查阅，十分方便。） 3、出发前，买了一双新凉鞋，因为在泰国，人们通常穿拖鞋，可我一来不习惯，二来如果穿拖鞋，原来的鞋还得背着，所以穿一双凉鞋，一举两得。但对于我这样喜欢徒步的人来说，穿新鞋出来其实有点风险，因为新鞋没经过磨合，不可能完全和脚，很容易产生问。不过我这双鞋还好，可以调节松紧，所以没产生什么大问。 4、此外还带了一个指南针和一个小望远镜，前者帮助我在陌生的地方确定方位，发挥了很大作用。后者则偶尔登高望远时使用。其他如换洗衣服和洗漱用具等，不一而足。总之，此次所带东西尽量精简，轻装上阵，反正只有半个月，需要的东西在泰国也可以及时补充。 全部东西整理好以后，连我那40升的小背包都没装满。 记起有位叫做Tony Wheeler的人说过：“如果你决定要出发，那么旅行中最困难的部分已经结束，那么，上路吧。” 于是，5月9日晚8点，我背着我那个40L的小背囊上路了。我要坐晚上925的54次快车，从沈阳先去北京。本来11日早8点的飞机，我完全可以明天白天去北京，可反正周末没什么事情，早点去看看奥运前的北京也不错。 [ ]5月10日 北京一日 首都改造迎奥运 我喜欢坐火车旅行，去北京已经无数次，可路边的景色还是百看不厌。 7点半火车正点到达北京，为迎接奥运，北京火车站正在整容。 站前广场有警车正在待命，随时准备应付突发情况。 下车以后也没有确定的目，顺着崇文门西街的胡同钻过去，准备去看看大栅栏。 大栅栏前面这一大片平房区马上就要拆迁，大栅栏也正在改造，搞的乌烟瘴气。不过看他们在改造区围墙上画出的规划图，改造完以后会相当漂亮。 每次到北京，我喜欢在北京的胡同里乱串。不过有味道的胡同越来越少。 希望这次前门地区改造后，能给我们提供一些有味道的地方。 从大栅栏的老街瑞蚨祥、荣宝斋门前一路走过去，到处在挖沟改造，大栅栏已经面目全非，只好下次再看。 大栅栏没什么可看，只好折向和平门，从全聚德烤鸭店向北，本来想去西单转转，可新建的中国歌剧院的大圆蛋在清晨明媚的阳光下豁然入目，吸引了我的眼球。那就过去看看吧，转过去，大会堂的后面已经搬迁一空，新歌剧院豪华气派，四周被水团团围住，看了半天没发现入口在哪里。后来才发现，原来要从地下进入歌剧院。 看过歌剧院，眼前来到了天安门，这里已经是人山人海。人满为患。许多旅游团挤在这里。一向不喜欢人多的地方，连忙进入天安门，在午门前右拐，转向角楼，过南池子大街，去王府井。 经过多年的改造，王府井已经旧貌换新颜，可还在进一步改造。也许是折腾得时间太长，已经伤了元气，繁华的商业街不再繁华，原来人来人往、熙熙攘攘的大街，现在竟然相当的萧条冷落。 几个街头雕塑倒是很有韵味，惹的游人纷纷与之合影。 王府井百货大楼今非昔比，更加气派，可门前却顾客寥寥，风光不再。 改造也有好的一面，如同哈尔滨的索非亚大教堂重见天日一样，过去掩藏在王府井楼群后面的一座东正教堂也露出了本来面目。有几对年轻人正在这里举办婚礼。 回到崇文门，在老字号的崇文门菜市场花17元买了一个烧鸡，又买了一斤筋饼作为今天的干粮。 吃了一点饼，看看市里再没什么地方想看，于是回到车站，到640路的始发站坐车去机场。据说市内到机场的地铁已经完工，马上就要运行，到那时候再去坐飞机就简单多了。 汽车中途路过了中央电视台的新工地，看到了正在建造中的被称为大裤衩的电视台新楼。 本来去首都机场的老航站楼应当在天竺镇下车，可我要去新建的第三航站楼，车上的人说去新航站楼在岗村下车更近，所以又往前坐了两站。 下车，在当街的小店买了一瓶冰镇啤酒，一面就着烧鸡喝啤酒消暑，一面欣赏着外面的风景。岗村已经和天竺镇连成一片，这里已经成为民航的宿舍区，许多空姐下了班正准备回家。 吃饱喝足，逛逛悠悠来到一公里外的航站楼。 新建的航站楼很漂亮，周边的环境更漂亮。 我已经从网上查到：从三月份开始，泰航的飞机开始在新的第三航站楼起落。 大厅里有具有中国特色的浑天仪。 我找到泰航的柜台，向值班小姐咨询了有关情况。得到的信息是，今天什么事情也办不了，一切都明天早上再说。 视察了一圈儿，回到镇里，找住宿的地方。 先是在天竺镇转圈，这里宾馆不少，可是价位奇高，都是漫天要价，几个快捷酒店也是如此，从186-686不等，真是莫名其妙。简直宰死人不偿命。 咱们穷驴出游从来都是住10元20元的小店，什么时候花过这个冤枉钱， 继续往前走，我就不信找不到一个便宜的地方。 穿过了天竺镇，来到天竺村，村中心有一个宾馆，看来也不是便宜的地方，继续往前，看到一家住户大门口挂着“房屋出租”的牌子，心想，既然有房子出租，住宿或许有戏。 走进院去，院里住了许多外地人，打听到房子主人的居室，房主是一个残疾人，问他，可不可以在这里住一宿，他很爽快地答应了。问：多少钱？答：20元。 20元，这才是咱这徒步老驴可以接受的价位。我没再还价。 他起身带我来到院里头一间空房里，屋里空空如也，只有一个双层床和一个单人床。 过一会儿，他带着他老婆过来送被褥，跟我说，他老婆嫌要价要低了。 我说，差不多就行了，挣20不是20嘛。 安排好住宿，走出门去，外面是一个小市场，很热闹。虽然没吃晚饭，但不觉得饿，为防万一，买了两个馒头。 到街里的宾馆一打听，果然，最低价166元。该着我省钱买烧鸡。 转了一圈儿，没什么可买，回去睡觉。 5月11日 北京-曼谷 都市里的徒步 早上4点多就醒了，磨蹭一会儿起来，外面，天正下着小雨。 我住的地方距离三号航站楼大约4公里。下雨使我徒步去航站楼的计划大受影响。不过还是先走出去再说。 走到镇里的民航居住区，忽然看到了路边的车站站牌，想起来，对，民航宿舍区不可能没有去航站楼的公交车，果然，一会儿就有车过来，是去2号航站楼的，因为事先知道2、3号航站楼之间有免费摆渡车，所以我就上了车，先去2号航站楼。票价1元。 到站下车，转车，去3号航站楼。 不到6点钟，就顺利到达了三号航站楼。 拿护照取电子客票的时候，我对办票的小姐说想要一个靠窗的位置，可一着急，说成了给我一个靠边的位置，意识到可能误解，连忙更正，说要一个靠窗的位置，可能后一句小姐没听清，结果给了我一个37D的座位，我一想，这好像不是靠窗的，问小姐，她说是，于是犹犹豫豫进去办手续。 三号航站楼是两个“Y”字对接到一起的结构，国内进出港在前一个”Y”字部分，出国则需要先乘坐捷运轨道车到另一个“Y”字部分办手续。 本来以为奥运期间的出国手续多么复杂，所以提前2个多小时来到机场，可实际上也很简单，虽然是奥运期间可能稍为严格了一点。 下了轨道车，先进行边检，从来没出过国，没做过边检，以为很复杂，其实很简单，交上护照，我看边检人员在计算机输入护照编号，估计是看看是否属于嫌疑控制对象，看没什么问，于是盖章放行。 边检完事之后是安检，我的包里装满了各式金属器物--三脚架、不锈钢饭盒、相机、小电脑、金属链锁等等，安检人员让打开包简单看了一下，就放行了。我的大金属水果刀也得以蒙混过关。 并不是故意要违反航空管理条例，实在是我去泰国这样一个水果之都太需要一个好的水果刀。事先也做好了心理准备，被查出来就上缴，没想到果然得以蒙混过关。 也许是水果刀偷渡成功得意忘形，匆忙之间，我装着护照、银行卡和小相机等重要物品的腰包竟然忘记拿走，落到了安检处。 走不多远，突然发现腰包不在，连忙回去找。 安检人员对此类丢三落四人员已经司空见惯，核对无误，把腰包交还给我。 就这样，刚刚6点半，一切OK，就等着登机了。离起飞还有2个小时，这下子消停了，慢慢等吧。 新航站楼候机室的条件不错，里面有免税店，虽然比我后来在曼谷机场看到的小多了。 还有一些中国特色的室内装饰。 机场坐椅下面有电源插座，可以充电和使用笔记本电脑，也可以无线上网，不过要收费。没搞懂怎么交费。 等到8点正，开始上飞机，果然37D是一个靠边的位置，而不是靠窗的位置，想一想，5个小时的航程，还是得找个靠窗位置，找到泰航的乘务长，让她帮忙调换一下，她查看一下登记表，44K没人，于是在登机牌上给我改过来，终于可以靠窗欣赏风景了。 我的第一次出国旅行生活开始了！ 泰航乘务组不仅有美丽的空中小姐（空姐），还有漂亮的空中先生（空少，空中少爷）。 起飞前，空姐和空少给每个旅客发了一付耳机，插入座位把手上的耳机插孔中就可以收听飞机广播。因为除了开始时教大家如何系安全带和使用救生衣和氧气面罩等例行功课外，其它时间大屏幕上播放节目时机舱内的喇叭是没有声音的，旅客可以根据自己是否感兴趣用耳机选择收听。扶手上有两个旋钮，其中一个是音量控制旋钮，另一个多档位旋钮，根据我的判断，在当初设计时，是不同档位可以选择不同国家的语言或不同的节目，但实际上飞机上播放的都是英语。 我认为泰航的机前培训设计的较好，在大屏幕显示期间，喇叭中的播音员用准音分别用汉语、英语和泰语各说一遍，又清晰又明白。而我们国内的许多航班是乘务员一边示范一边哇啦哇啦乱喊一气，什么都听不清楚。这方面显得实在是太落后了。 飞机起飞时，外面还在下雨，不过很快飞机就飞上了万米高空，把下雨的云彩压到了脚下。 空中一片云海，不是很美丽，差强人意。 飞机平稳后，空中小姐和空中先生就开始忙碌起来，他们不停地工作，笑容可掬。 9点半，开始发飞机餐，泰国风味，量不是很大，样不少，还可以。 餐后又有饮料，果汁、咖啡、热茶、冰水等，随便选择。没吃饱的旅客还可以要小面包。 饭后不久，小姐们开始发放出入境登记卡，上面全是英文，许多语言不通的人对此很挠头，不知道许多项目是什么意思。不过本人对此早有准备，早就从网上下载了准样式，提前填好了，现在只要照猫画虎，填上就OK。 填过出入境卡，先生小姐开始新一轮的饮料发放。 在他们工作间隙，我来到后舱，给漂亮的泰航空姐和空少拍了几张照片，并和他们合影留念。 今天的空中景物很一般，总希望乘飞机时能看到漂亮的云海，但很少如愿。 只有一次，我从北京飞回沈阳，遇到了最美丽的云海，但很遗憾，那一次没带相机。 飞机掠过了一片片山川河流，很遗憾，没准备地图，不知道都飞过了什么地方，后来才知道，前面的大屏幕上面不断显示的就是当时飞过的路径，不过我离的稍远，看不大清楚。 5个小时的飞行也不觉得漫长，飞机从北京起飞后，先后经过了河北，河南、湖北、重庆、贵州、云南，出境后又经过了越南和老挝，最后在泰国上空飞行了将近一个小时，于北京时间1320，曼谷时间1220到达曼谷的素万那普国际机场的上空。 快降落的时候，从空中看，先是万顷良田，然后开始出现城市成片的房舍，美丽的立交桥和高速公路，然后飞机降落。 泰国的这些高速公路，据说都是日本政府帮忙建造的。不过不是免费援建，而是收费项目。据说日本人是按照过往车辆的轮胎个数收费，4个轮子的收4个的钱，8个就收8个的钱……本来公路建成五年之后就已经回收全部成本了，但是日本人却和泰国订了20年的收费合同。[ ] 到了机场，一进机场大厅，先遇到这位门神迎候大家。 这是印度神话传说中的神猴哈奴曼（我没有搞错吧？）。有人说他西游记中的孙悟空的原型之一。 印度有一篇著名的文学作品《罗摩衍那Ramakien》里写了这样一个故事： 婆罗门教三大天王之一的“那罗延天王”的化身罗摩王，有一次带了美丽的悉达王妃到森林里打猎，夜叉国的十颈夜叉王却趁机把王妃抢走，因而引起了一场人魔大战，猴神哈奴曼率兵帮助罗摩王，结果夜叉王大败，美丽的王妃终于被救了回来。 因此，哈奴曼就成为小乘佛教的护法神。后来我看到：在玉佛寺里到处都是神猴哈奴曼的光辉形象。 网上介绍：这个于2006年9月28日开始启用的新机场的建设长达45年，早在1961年就拟定了兴建新机场的计划构想，直到2002年才开始动工修建，用了4年半的时间完成了这项大型建筑工程。整个机场耗资高达40亿美元（约1440亿泰铢），据说是亚洲最大的国际机场。 该机场由德裔美籍著名建筑师杨恩设计，采用华丽的玻璃和钢骨拱门，具有泰国传统建筑特色，具有全球最大的单一机场航站大厦，占地为56.3万平方公尺。该机场总的占地面积为3200公顷，距曼谷市区25公里，有2条高速公路连接，市中心到机场约为35分钟车程（实际上，由于拥挤的曼谷交通，多数情况下需要一个半到两个小时才能到达市内），目前正在兴建一条长度为28.6公里的高速铁路直达新机场。机场共有120个停机坪，每小时可起降76架航班，其中有5个停机坪可容纳最新的空中巴士A380飞机。在新机场运营的航空公司将达到100家左右。 在曼谷机场，出境更简单，在出境处交上了入境单和护照，边检先生把出境单订到护照上，盖上戳，放行。 OK, 顺利出境。 出境后来到前厅，看到有许多人在接机。旁边立着许多接人的牌子，其中一块牌子上面写着我的名字，这肯定是接我的，可人呢？ 四处看看，没有人关注这个牌子和牌子下的我，我就去大厅里面找ATM取泰铢，悠悠万事，唯此为大。经济社会，没有钱寸步难行。 在大厅的一头，找到了一个ATM，众多志中有一个明显的银联志。 2005年5月13日，中国银联与泰国AT网络运营商PCC公司署了银联卡联网合作协议，从那时起，中国银联卡就可以在泰国贴有银联识的AT机上提现。此举将大大方便中国游客在泰国的旅游和购物。 更为人性化的是，所有适用银联卡的ATM上都有中文选择按键，按下去，就会出现中文界面，真的是太方便了。 在这个ATM上先取了5000泰铢，又顺手将1000泰铢在旁边银行的办事处换成了小票以方便使用。 手里有钱，心里不慌，这下子有底气了。 回到接站牌下面，来接我的小伙子已经在等待。简单确认后，他带我到旁边的椅子上坐下，然后出去找来了一辆出租车，让我上车，告诉司机送到什么地方。 我原以为是酒店来车接我，虽然免费接机是饭店的承诺，但对相关的服务人员还是应当表示感谢，所以我原准备到饭店后给司机20泰铢小费。现在既然送人的是出租车司机，那么这项费用就省下了。看来这样办理对酒店来说也更有效率，酒店只要派一个人守在这里，就可以专门负责接送各地来的所有客人，接到人后找一个出租车送走即可，高效、方便、成本低廉，而且完全能满足客人的要求。值得效仿。 来曼谷之前一周，我每天都查询曼谷的天气预报，看到这里一直是多云有阵雨的天气，今天仍然如此，这样的天让人感觉很舒服，不太热。在回曼谷的路上，又先后下了两场阵雨，这雨水是不是太勤了点？？ 雨来时，雨骤风急，不一会儿，风停雨歇。 虽然从来没有来过曼谷，可在Gooler Earth 上，我已经无数次看过我要入住的酒店及其位置，所以，当出租车穿过高架桥下面的铁路时，我知道，我的酒店到了。 我在曼谷居住的酒店--Bangkok Palace Hotel（皇宫饭店）及其周边 语言不通总有些耽误事。在酒店大厅办理入住手续时，添完单子，身份确认后，服务生还要收我2000泰铢，我没想明白这是什么钱，又解释不通，就先给了他。 后来我想，可能是押金一类的东西，刚好在大厅里看到了一个中国旅游团，我请导游到前台一问，果然是押金。因为房间有一些收费的饮品之类，饭店还提供一些其他的收费服务，这些都要在退房时一并结算，所以先收了一些押金，可以理解， 到屋里一看，房间不错，服务生告诉我，壁橱里面有两瓶纯净水和一些小包咖啡、袋泡茶等是免费供应的，冰箱里的饮品和其他东西消费后则要付费。 从窗口望出去，一座座高楼霍然入目，从地图上看，我住的皇宫饭店在曼谷中心商业区附近，是曼谷高楼大厦最集中的区域，曼谷最高档的宾馆和购物中心几乎都集中在这个区域。酒店南边1公里外就是以世贸大厦为中心的繁华商业区，酒店东南面几乎集中了曼谷所有的高档宾馆饭店，西边500米外就是尖尖细细，直冲云霄的曼谷最高、据说曾经也是亚洲最高的塔楼--89层的Baiyoke大厦。 在酒店安置妥当，我走出了酒店，面对西面高高的塔楼确定一下方位，向前走到一条主路上，然后一直向着南面的世贸中心方向，开始了我在曼谷的都市漫步。 出外旅游，在一个陌生的城市，我最喜欢进行这种漫步。我觉得，要更深刻地感受和了解一个城市，最好的办法就是用脚步一点点丈量过它的大街小巷。虽然处在一个陌生的地方，语言又不通，但我手里有详尽的地图和指南针，定好了出发前的地，想丢都没那么容易。 跟团游的人们就享受不到这种乐趣。他们到了一个地方，往往东西南北都搞不清，甚至不知道自己是在一个城市的什么位置，中国有些导游为避免麻烦，更是编造谣言，恐吓团员说出去乱逛容易出事，把团员紧紧控制在酒店里，所以许多人来了曼谷，除了几个景点，对其他地方一无所知。 在我出来之前，妹夫给我讲了他们来曼谷的一段遭遇，他和一行人跟团来曼谷，同行的几个人晚上没事出去转街，由于东西南北都搞不清楚，更不知道身处曼谷的什么位置，结果没转多远，就晕头转向，找不到原来的酒店了。打了个出租车在曼谷乱转，四处去问，也不得要领。结果转了大半宿，一直到凌晨三点才找回酒店。这就是想省心跟团游的结果。 我们这些自助背包客绝对不会犯这样低级的错误。 曼谷是一个国际化大都市，僚人家园网站的凌波仙子网友这样介绍曼谷： 曼谷，是个兼具古老气息和现代风情的东方大城，更是个处处充满赞叹的地方。这个城市于1782年所建，是今日泰国政治文化，经济交流的中心，被列为东南亚第二大城市。 曼谷的全称，译为拉丁文有142个字母，译成汉语也有60多个汉字。其意为“伟大的神仙之京城，永恒的绿宝石城，坚不可摧的极乐世界，天帝的皇都，被赠予九块宝石的世界大都会……”，是世界上名字最长的首都。当年，拉玛一世将都城迁至曼谷，用记录佛教经典的巴利文给新首都起了一个长名，将许多美好的称号都加在了这个新首都的名字上，泰国人简称其为“克伦太普”，也就是“天使之城”。 湄南河从绿郁葱葱的泰北山峦逶迤而下，横穿过曼谷，把曼谷分为东西两部分，就像少女腰上的一条曼妙的彩带，给曼谷增添了不少色彩。东部是新城，这里高楼林立，一座座高楼大厦和豪华商场拔地而起，繁华的工商业区，证券交易频繁的施乐姆街，各种跨国公司在此设立分部，而每年在曼谷举行的各种国际会议多达二三百起。然而在洋溢现代化气息的水泥丛林中，曼谷仍然保持着一股东方的神秘气息。湄南河以西是旧城吞武里，那里多是精致的园林，雕工细琢的佛塔，在这里生活的泰国人依旧保持着传统的色彩。 最让人感兴趣的，是曼谷的水上市场。这里的河道多于街道，汽艇和木船比比皆是。据说曼谷新城的修建过程中，许多河道被填土封闭，可想而知，“东方威尼斯”的称号并非徒有虚名。河边的水上人家，满载水果蔬菜的大小船只，在水上形成流动货摊。当船上的农民和小贩向游客兜售商品时，他们会以长竹竿为媒介，将鲜花，水果等递给游客。 令人赞叹的是专供泰国国王和王室成员使用的船只。泰国王室每年都要建造一艘游艇，载王室一家畅游湄南河。船以金箔雕画装饰，非常精致美丽。船首像一只金色天鹅的颈项，嘴里含着一些垂饰，而船尾则像一条大蛇，浮在水面。每年的10月底或11月初月圆之时，装饰得五彩缤纷的王室之舟就会出现，静静地行驰在河中。 在曼谷，观光区可分为王宫边、杜喜区周边、中国城等8个区域，精华在金碧辉煌的皇宫和佛寺建筑。位于曼谷市中心区的大皇宫，由一组布局错落有致的建筑群组成，汇集了绘画、雕刻和装饰艺术的精华，风格独特，闻名遐尔，主要建筑是4座各具特色的宫殿，从东向西一字排开，一色的绿色瓷砖屋脊，紫红色的琉璃瓦屋顶，凤头飞檐。屋顶是典型的泰国“三顶式结构”，集泰国数百年建筑艺术之大成。 曼谷还是有名的“佛庙之都”。全市有佛400多座，到处都可以看到寺庙，香火鼎盛，轻烟缭绕。佛寺建筑精致美观，具有浓厚的东方色彩。最有名的是玉佛寺、卧佛寺等。 漫步在湄南河岸，偶尔会邂逅一两个供着花圈的神龛，或者是替人看相的命相师，泰族妇女摇着载满水莲花的舢板，寺庙里的风铃在沉静的空气中回响着。黄昏的阳光染红了皇宫的金色尖顶，美丽的景致尽在举手投足之间，而这种耐人寻味的感受，也只有亲身体会才知道。 所以说，曼谷之于泰国，正如巴黎之于法国，伦敦之于英国，代表着国家的精神和文化。走一趟曼谷，你会感受到泰国活泼，多变的精神风貌。 这样美丽的景致，如今我正在用自己的脚，自己的眼，自己的心灵，自己的感觉一点点感受，一点点体验。 曼谷是一个大都市，而且是个国际化的大都市。泰国的城市中，只有曼谷的规模、发达程度和文化沉积等综合指数可以称之为大都市，泰国全国有6500万人口，其中曼谷就占了十分之一，有650万人口。 而第二大城市的清迈面积和人口不足曼谷的七分之一，规模和中国的“大城市”--铁岭相当，更不要说其他城市了。 外面天气阴沉，随时可能下雨，我不能不带上雨衣。小雨给我的都市漫步带来了小小的不便，但它却让我在曼谷最炎热的季节感受到难得的舒适的凉爽。 泰国不愧是一个佛教国度，几乎每个稍有规模的建筑面前，都有一个漂亮的佛龛，里面供奉的大多是泰国人认为最灵验的四面佛。 佛龛前不仅有鲜花、香炉，还有许多漂亮的小彩塑偶像侍奉着。 看驴友们拍回来的照片，最喜欢这些形神俱备的陶偶，很多饭店宾馆前面都有，[ ] 历代国王的塑像也和佛像一样被到处供奉。 曼谷的出租车很漂亮，而且因为所属公司不同，颜色也不一样。 虽然天很热，但交通警察全副武装在街上指挥交通。 在泰国，公职人员的尽职尽责为我留下了极深的印象。 虽然是曼谷最繁华的大街之一，但街上并不排斥作小买卖的的人们，也没有任何城管之类来骚扰他们。 街边的小摊在给人们带来生活便利的同时，也给都市增添了一道独特的风景。 曼谷的交通一直为各国旅游者所诟病。道路狭窄，车辆众多，拥挤不堪。 为了改进交通，曼谷建立起了自己的立体交通体系。 主要道路上方，几乎每个交叉路口，都设立了行人过街天桥。 高架轻轨的水泥支架宽大厚重，在给人沉稳可靠的感觉的同时，也把曼谷本来就狭窄的天空分割的更加支离破碎。 街上到处有佛龛神像，也有许多护法神祗，这里有一个大鹏金翅鸟驮一个不知道哪方的神灵，一个妇女来这里虔诚地叩拜。 这就是世贸中心对面小广场上的四面佛（Erawan Shrine）。没有恢宏的庙宇，没有宽大的道场，如果不是仔细注意，许多外来者会错过这个著名的景点。 据说，四面佛非常灵验，还听的懂包括粤语在内的多国语言和方言，许多游人，特别是香港、新加坡等地华人常专程来此膜拜和还愿。 网上介绍说：四面神其实并非佛，而是神，是婆罗门教三大主神之一的大梵天，在婆罗门教众神的传说中，“大梵天”是世界万物的创造者，他原有5个头，后来被婆罗门教里的另一大主神“湿婆”砍去一个，剩下四个头分别朝向东、西、南、北四方。它有四只手，分别拿着吠陀经典、莲花、匙子和念珠。 据说四面佛的四面分别代表慈(仁爱)、悲(悲悯)、喜(吉祥)、舍(施惠)，因此进香时要按顺时针方向对四面佛像四面依次膜拜，四面都敬到，否则不灵验。还有一点非常重要，说是拜了四面佛后祈愿成功是要来还愿的，否则佛就要降罪了。 拜四面神通常使用鲜花串、金箔、香烛和木象(象征幸运)，或者将麻雀放生，富有者则雇几名少女在神前跳传统的祭神舞，以谢神恩。 因为还有一种说法，说四面佛是大梵天所骑的大象的化身，所以四面佛旁边还有一些木刻的大象，它们也成为人们顶礼膜拜的偶像。 拜佛还愿者请身着民族服装的少女正翩翩起舞，以娱神灵。 高架轻轨车站楼梯漂亮的遮阳篷，很有点悉尼歌剧院的风格。 路边小景 遇到两位水晶晶（泰国对漂亮的小泰妹的称呼），我举起手里的相机，示意要给她们照张像，两位小姐欣然应允。佳丽回眸，嫣然一笑，于是有了这张照片。 大街上的许多小泰妹（不是太妹）感觉确实很漂亮，笑起来尤其好看。她们确实很爱笑。 也许是东南亚湿润的空气格外养人肌肤，加上曼谷大都市的文化涵养，使这些水晶晶显得格外娇媚。虽然东南亚的阳光应当很厉害，可在泰国的十多天里，无论是晴天雨天，我都没看到女孩们打伞遮阳遮雨，但令人惊异的是，都市里大多数女孩们的皮肤不但不黑，反而相当的白皙。 据说，泰国真正的白皮肤美女都集中在北部城市清迈，因为那里的混血很多，女孩子皮肤很白，高高的，而且很温柔。而南部地区是纯种的泰国人，那里的人长得黑瘦矮小，不好看。 ([]
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袁静怡质感强烈花盛开清丽高贵胡姬花园大门处 在北半球寒风凛冽时，新加坡永远却是夏天的模样，早晨出门会有淡淡凉意，到正午却是艳阳高照。到新加坡旅游，不能不看新加坡的国花---胡姫花。 胡姫花是新加坡的国花，其实就是兰花。东南亚通称兰花为胡姬花。新加坡人则称为“卓锦-万代兰”，因为侨居新加坡的亚美尼亚人卓锦女士在自己花园里培育而成。因花朵清丽端庄、生命力特强，它象征新加坡人的气质和刻苦耐劳、果敢奋斗的精神。 在新加坡观赏胡姬花非国家胡姬园莫属。 国家胡姬园（National Orchid Garden）坐落于新加坡植物园最高的山冈上，占地约四公顷，目前培育了超过2000多个品种的胡姬花。这里的胡姬花以全世界名女人来命名，包括造访新加坡的撒切尔夫人和戴安娜王妃，都可以在胡姬花园内找到同名的兰花品种。 其中最特别的是卓锦万代兰(Vanda Miss Joaquim)，其于1893年由卓锦（Miss Joaquim)在当地意外发现这款原生钟兰花，罕见独特，在1981年4月15日被定为新加坡国花。其花朵长约7厘米，宽约6.5厘米，浅紫红色的花瓣上布有深紫红斑点，中间部分为深玫瑰色，花管呈橙黄色，四季盛开，鲜艳动人，而且在恶劣的条件下，也能含芳吐艳。 园内60000多株色彩绚丽的胡姬花在热带植物的映衬下光彩夺目。缤纷的胡姬花与热带植物交相辉映，蜿蜒园中的台阶小路，领略春天的芬芳和传说中的繁花似锦。 众多的胡姬花，有的淡雅，有的娇艳，但不管怎样，胡姬花在骨子里都透出一种天生的高贵气质。 不管怎样，对于喜欢花草的人来说，漫步国家胡姬园赏花、拍花都是不错的选择。感受新加坡之一——漫步岛国看狮城 干净清新亦繁华（概述篇） https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2172957-1-1.html感受新加坡之二——休闲小岛走不停 亚洲最南寻风情（圣淘沙篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2182169&;page=1&extra=#pid50347652感受新加坡之三——参天巨树生满园热带风情绿无限（植物园篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2231866&page=1&extra=#pid53500784感受新加坡之四——绿意充盈总统府世外桃源乌敏岛（总统府和乌敏岛篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2253589&page=1&extra=#pid55203314感受新加坡之五——海风轻拂鱼尾狮 流光溢彩夜迟迟（滨海湾篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2255988-1-1.html感受新加坡之七——小印度里寻缩影甘榜格南回族情（新加坡河等篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2322447-1-1.html 感受新加坡之八——立体交通路纵横街道小区绿充盈（交通和街道篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2326625-1-1.html 感受新加坡之九——狮城春节气息浓牛车水里最喜庆（春节和牛车水篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2330106-1-1.html感受新加坡之十——方式灵活有初院 环境优美好校园（南初篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2344728-1-1.html感受新加坡之十一——享誉全球名高校 环境优雅美校园（南大篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2354269-1-1.html 新加坡胡姬花园在新加坡地图上的位置 园内的流水景观 花开艳丽 黄的温暖 蓝白相间 红的似火 低头迎客 艳丽无比 红红火火 室内的胡姬花 园区分布平面图 紫色是最多见的胡姬花之一 白色胡姬花也很多见 花开满园 黄色是最多见的胡姬花之一 园内处处花盛开 艳丽之花初初见 园内处处花盛开 黄的耀眼 阳光下的花儿 质感很强的胡姬花 花开朵朵 花色满园 满园花色 耀眼的花蕊 花开朵朵 独放花枝 热带风情浓郁的花草 花开满园关不住([]
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苏妤男去那个地方 -- 尼泊尔游记尼泊尔游记包括：1. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur2. 帕坦 Patan3. 博德纳大佛塔 Bodhnath Stupa4. 猴庙 Swayambhunath5. 帕斯帕提纳神庙 Pashupatinath6. Poon Hill 徒步7. EBC 珠峰大本营徒步A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 01巴克塔普尔夜景.巴克塔普尔是谷地内的第三大主要城市。这座城市依然保持着贸易自由和传统的特色风貌。鹅卵石铺就的街道将众多寺庙，庭院和纪念广场连接起来，小巷中散布着神殿、水井和水槽。巴克塔普尔的交通并不拥挤，所以在这里漫步非常惬意。仅就这一点而言，加德满都望尘莫及。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 02巴克塔普尔夜景.蓝丝绒般的夜空下，摩托车的灯光照亮了鹅卵石铺就的街道，人影婆娑......练习夜景拍摄， 10S F4A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 03月光下，杜巴广场寺庙旁，微弱的灯光与几位诵经的老人。手持拍摄A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 04还有这张，手持拍摄。喜欢这种动与静，明与暗，冷与暖对比的感觉，夜空中传来诵经声......A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 05切一张6x6，手持拍摄。暮色的原本感觉。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 06陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)从杜巴广场向南可以到达陶工广场。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 07陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)在广场的南边有一排粘土仓库和陶轮，人们经常将陶罐摆在广场上晾晒。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 07陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)晒陶的女人A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 08陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)晒陶的女人A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 09陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)晒陶, 塞了几枚硬币，趣。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 10陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)陶艺大鹏神鸟--克鲁达A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 11陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)银发老人、旋转陶轮、泥巴双手，童年的记忆A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 12陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)陶工广场地方虽不大，我却有兴趣在这发呆了N个小时，第二天又过来看看他们。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 13陶工广场(POTTERS’SQUARE)在陶工广场，我想起了酷爱陶艺和油画的恩师Dr. Lim, 想当年一起开车冒着大雨去唐山找土，在后院建窑烧陶的情景依然历历在目，然恩师已去，伤感不已。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 14尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE这座五层寺庙高30米，不仅是尼泊尔最高的寺庙，而且是传统塔庙建筑的最佳典范。尼亚塔波拉庙那高耸的屋顶在白雪皑皑的喜马拉雅山映衬下，显得格外壮观。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 15尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE优雅的寺庙建于1702年布彭德拉.马拉国王统治时期。它的设计和建筑非常坚固，1934年的大地震只对其造成了很小的破坏。塔身每层都有四方形塔檐向外伸展，檐下柱头上雕刻着108个形象各异、色彩斑斓的女神像。各种各样的传说给这座寺庙笼上了一层神秘的色彩。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 16尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE在通往寺庙的台阶两侧分列这五对雕像，每层塔基上各有一对。据说每层塔基雕像中所刻画的神物都比下一层的神力大10倍。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 17尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE位于最底层塔基上的是传说中的金刚力士加亚和帕塔，据说他们的力气比常人大10倍。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 18尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE第二层塔基上有一对神象。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 19尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE第三层塔基上是一对狮子。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 20尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE第四层塔基上是一对狮身鹫首的怪兽，个人猜测是克鲁达的一种变身。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 21尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE最后是Baghini和Singhini两位女神。掌管这一切的密宗女神SiddhiLakshmi隐藏于寺庙之内，她便是这座寺庙的主神。只有本寺的祭司才能瞻仰女神雕像（百度）A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 22尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE坐在女神像旁的回廊上。有人因失眠痛苦，有人可以在神庙酣睡。烦恼是因为自己的内心放不下。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 23尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE快乐的孩子们。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 24尼亚塔波拉庙 NYATAPOLA TEMPLE休闲好地方。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 25提水的女人A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 26背影A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 27盛装的孩子和她的母亲。幸福快乐感染着我们。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 28摆个pose，可惜背景有些乱，光圈不够大。A. 巴克塔普尔 Bhaktapur 29关注不同方向的姐妹俩。左面这位小姑娘的表情颇为专注， 可爱！([]
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洪国祥美好的事物会时常穿越时间和空间，在不同人的口中传诵。当遇到懂得欣赏它的人，就会迸发出希望和欲望之火。一次次激发你，向往着要去---亲身经历，要去---感同身受......... 最初了解尼泊尔是在本论坛看了“水哥”写的《一场华美的雪山盛宴----安纳普尔纳大环线》那是一篇很棒的帖子，感觉这正是我想要的旅行方式。梦见的人，醒来就要去见她！渴望亲身经历的旅行和风景也应该这样，说走就走，不留遗憾！感谢上帝！感谢大家的帮助、关心、理解与支持。使我能感受尼国的王宫建筑和国家公园，饱览喜马拉雅山脉的壮阔美景，实现梦想，满意而归。下面和大家分享一下我的经历与感受。（另，地理及人文知识了解还不够深，当时没做记录，时隔近一年。很多地方会有遗漏和偏差，敬请谅解）。一、奇特旺国家公园，兰毗尼。1楼---38楼二、博卡拉，滑翔伞。63楼---89楼三、加德满都、巴德岗、博达哈。90楼---132楼四、安纳普尔纳大环线徒步。133楼-----686楼 一、奇特旺国家公园，兰毗尼。 樟木过境包车到加德满都的泰米尔区，在来时拼车的几位朋友中有人提议大家组团在加都包车选几个景点，再请一位导游一起玩。这对不懂英文的我来说是个好主意，修改原计划（到尼泊尔直接徒步安娜大环线）入团。在此的别感谢冰冰姐！ 边境去加都的路上，车开出不远就听见前方有惨叫声在山谷中回荡，原来是极限蹦极（在垂直160米高的吊桥中间跳）。车内大家都相互鼓励、说服对方去跳，就是没人敢行动。哈哈泰米尔住宿客栈国际惯例-----------炫富！皇家奇特旺国家公园客栈，环境不错，有的客栈自己养大象。到这里主要是骑大象游览公园观看犀牛、鹿、还有老虎，当天只隐约看到了鹿群。大象绝对是吃货类，只要有机会停下鼻子就不停的抅东西吃。这货，吃草挺有意思，用鼻子卷起嫩草连根拔起，然后在抬起的一只前腿上反复的抽掉泥土，弄干净后才放入嘴里。在奇特旺的纳拉亚尼河畔欣赏日落也是一件快事。塔鲁舞(Tharu Dance)的民间歌舞表演。独角犀牛，这里是珍稀的印度犀牛最后的保护地之一，但2005年根据统计，只有372头（百度）。大象（公的），没有母象温顺，主要是从事体力劳动。独木舟---主要是看鳄鱼和水鸟。蚁穴，大的高近两米。 成年大象憨态可掬，年幼的小象就更有意思。站都站不稳就跑过来嬉戏找吃的。吃饱睡。大象也有双胞胎。([]
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黄子发A：序 1 A：序 2A：序 3A：序 4A：序 5A：序 6A：序 7A：序 8 A：序 9早在寒假EBC徒步时就相约暑假K2徒步，再见面时已是六月底的喀布尔餐厅。A：序10这是你神圣的土地，保佑我们一路平安吧！B 前往Gilgit陪同我们前往Gilgit的兄弟。B 前往GilgitThe Road HUNTERB 前往Gilgit塞车随拍B 前往Gilgit塞车随拍--续B 前往Gilgit我们的队长B 前往Gilgit我们的队长（续）。B 前往Gilgit路上遇到的父子B 前往Gilgit用手机拍照的小伙B 前往Gilgit孩子们的笑脸B 前往Gilgit车顶上的孩子们，注意安全欧。B 前往Gilgit车里车外都是乘客B 前往Gilgit行李架上也是乘客，要小心喽。B 前往Gilgit沿途的路，两侧是高高的雪墙。B 前往Gilgit两侧的雪墙在不断地消融。B 前往Gilgit沿途的风光B 前往Gilgit车窗外的景色B 前往Gilgit匆匆的上午茶B 前往Gilgit海拔渐渐升高B 前往Gilgit路人B 前往Gilgit养蜂([
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